Vision
To build a community of future legal leaders and policy thinkers who will drive institutional and system-level transformation in India’s law and justice system.
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Network for Institutional and Systems
Transformation (NIST) Fellowship
About the Fellowship
The NIST Fellowship is a pioneering initiative designed to nurture the next generation of legal leaders and policymakers and foster a community of practice.
This full-time, hybrid, and funded opportunity empowers researchers to challenge themselves and develop innovative regulatory and policy proposals to transform our public institutions. The programme will give the fellows a chance to join and collaborate with our network and community of like-minded doers. The programme aims to inspire problem solvers to work on solving some of India’s biggest institutional and systems challenges.
FAQs
What is the focus area for the pioneering cohort?
DAKSH has over the years done pioneering work on reimagining courts and tribunals. One of our recent focus areas has been commercial tribunals, as part of the ‘Transforming Tribunals’ initiative, where we see them not merely as forums for resolving disputes, but as engines of economic justice and powerful drivers of growth. Delays, uncertainty, and inefficiencies in justice delivery by regulators, commercial tribunals and appellate courts erode investor confidence and affect India’s global competitiveness and overall ease of doing business.
To this end, the inaugural cohort will be focusing on the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT), and the Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal (DRAT), and the relevant regulators (IBBI, CCI, RoC, NFRA, etc) and appellate courts for these domains. Our ultimate goal is to spark system-level reforms, focusing on both the functioning of tribunals and underlying commercial laws, to ensure that our commercial policy is aligned with the needs of the evolving commercial landscape.
What will be the resulting impact from your participation in this Fellowship Programme?
The Fellowship will help bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, and help facilitate you to think more deeply about institutional and system level issues plaguing our law and justice system. You will become part of a community of practice that will enable you to work with like-minded peers and experts to drive meaningful and impactful reforms to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of India’s institutions and systems both during and after the Fellowship.
Any institutional and system-level transformation towards improving and strengthening our law and justice system invariably affects our society, public institutions, and economy. Consequently, through this Fellowship, you will get the distinct opportunity to ideate, develop and present proposals that can drive cross-systems impact at the intersection of our society, public institutions and economy, ranging from driving ease of doing business through streamlined legal processes, building investor confidence, driving increased foreign investment and making the judicial system more accessible and sustainable.
What are we at DAKSH solving?
DAKSH Society (DAKSH) is India’s leading think-tank and research institution focused on law and justice system reforms and access to justice. We are committed to driving meaningful institutional and system transformation to make the judicial system more efficient and effective. To this end, as thought leaders in the space, we have launched this fellowship programme to empower the next generation of legal leaders to transform India’s commercial justice system through experiential learning, innovative research, and collaborative problem-solving
Who is an NIST fellow?
An NIST Fellow is someone who:
● Is passionate about driving meaningful institutional and system-level transformation in India’s judicial system, particularly in the commercial law and policy landscape.
● Holds a bachelor’s degree (preferably in Law, Economics, Public Policy, Data Science) with a maximum of 0-4 years of post-qualification experience.
● Can commit to a full-time engagement of 40 hours/week for the next 6 months, demonstrating dedication and enthusiasm for the fellowship programme.
● Has previous experience in academic or policy writing, showcasing their ability to analyse complex issues and develop well-structured arguments.
What are the expectations for the fellows?
● You will be required to publish at least 6 blogs through the course of the fellowship which will be published on the DAKSH website.
● You will have to attend regular mentoring/check-in calls with the DAKSH team and the mentors.
● You will be working on a dedicated capstone project, which would be in the form of a white paper, report or policy proposal which will be published by DAKSH as part of a compendium.
● You will be required to assist on DAKSH’s ongoing programmes and research projects (this could include developing proposals, concept/background notes for workshops/sessions, and cultivating research collaborations).
● You will be required to mandatorily present your capstone project in a 2-3 day in-person conference that will be held in Bangalore/ Delhi in the last 4 weeks of the fellowship.
● You will maintain a high level of professionalism and ownership in all deliverables and interactions.
● You will proactively and transparently share regular updates and progress reports on your work.
What are the benefits of participating in this Fellowship Programme?
The NIST Fellowship offers a range of benefits including:
● Stipend: A monthly stipend of INR 50,000 to support fellows during the programme.
● Mentorship and Guidance: Monthly mentoring calls with experts to fine-tune research and discuss capstone projects.
● Access to DAKSH’s Network of Experts: Opportunities to tap into DAKSH’s network for guidance and support.
● Training and Skill-Building: Training on data analysis, policy analysis, and report writing to enhance fellows’ skills.
● Community Membership: Membership to the DAKSH Community, with priority access to events and networking opportunities for the duration of the Fellowship.
● Fully-Funded In-Person Conference: Funding assistance to attend a conference to present your capstone projects and network with leaders and peers in the space.
● Opportunity to Produce Actionable Research Outputs: Contribution to actionable research and policy analysis through blogs and podcasts
● Publication Opportunity: All the capstone projects would be published by DAKSH in a compendium after the conclusion of the Fellowship Programme. You may also get the opportunity to co-author the above mentioned work with members from the DAKSH team and the expert mentors (depending on the quality of the outputs).
● Certificate: A certificate acknowledging participation in the fellowship programme upon successful completion.
● Letter of Recommendation: Exceptional fellows may secure a Letter of Recommendation from the DAKSH team and their mentors.
● Financial Assistance: Financial assistance to cover certain miscellaneous expenses for carrying out fieldwork.
First Cohort of Fellows and Their Capstone Projects
Anshuman Sahoo
Anshuman Sahoo
Domain Expertise & Appellate Review in the Indian Competition Regime
by Anshuman Sahoo
Core Problem: Weak economic scrutiny at the appellate level limits effective review of Competition Commission of India (CCI) decisions, eroding the quality of competition enforcement
-2.14 pts
Mean reduction in economic reasoning score (CCI → NCLAT)
19 / 35
Issues where NCLAT reasoning was weak on economic and legal counts
-5.3 pts
Compression in the most complex multi-market leveraging cases
The study reveals a systematic ‘economic-analytic compression’ as cases move from the CCI to the NCLAT with the appellate tribunal routinely failing to engage with the economic substance of competition findings. NCLAT reasoning scored lower in 25 of 35 issue-pairs examined, with the most complex multi-market cases suffering the sharpest drop.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
- Constitute specialised competition benches at NCLAT with members competent in competition economics, supported by an in-house research cell.
- Require CCI final orders to include structured economic-issues matrices and methodological statements to enable transparent appellate scrutiny.
- Mandate tiered review intensity at NCLAT ensuring explicit engagement with economic reasoning for fact-finding, correctness review reserved for questions of law.
Digital platform markets challenge conventional modes of competition enforcement by amplifying feedback effects, cumulative advantage, and temporal irreversibility.
The real world is complex, and mostly beyond human comprehension. Even the simplest phenomena like birds flying in geometrically-shaped flocks, or termites coordinating to build castles matching the best of human architecture perplexes us, exposing the limitations of our cognition.
This blog examines the role of Information Utilities (IUs) in India’s Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code and argues that their current design and functioning exhibit instances of epistemic fragmentation.
Khushbu Shah
Khushbu Shah
Reimagining Debt Recovery in India's Commercial Justice System
by Khushbu Shah
Core Problem: The Debt Recovery Tribunal system suffers from an ambiguous delay definition, summons-stage bottlenecks, and capacity constraints — resulting in disposal rates of only 15–20% across Mumbai DRTs.
~15 - 20%
Average disposal rate across Mumbai DRTs (2022–25)
1.7 - 2.9 yrs
Average disposal time vs 180-day statutory limit
4.5 - 6.6%
Cases disposed within the 180-day window
Administrative data from three Mumbai DRT benches reveals systemic dysfunction: average case disposal time ranges from 1.67 to 2.87 years against a 180-day statutory target, with fewer than 7% of cases resolved within the prescribed timeframe. The paper traces delays to three compounding factors — unclear definition of delay, manual summons processes, and chronic vacancies that cascade into adjournments.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
- Define the 180-day statutory clock under RDBA 1993 to cover only core adjudicatory stages, excluding preliminary procedural steps.
- Automate summons issuance via the e-filing system to eliminate physical registry dependence.
- Amend Section 14 RDBA to mandate time-bound appointment of Presiding Officers within 90 days of vacancy.
The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), the municipal corporation of Bengaluru city, till recently, managed core urban municipal functions in Bengaluru, including property tax administration, building regulations, and licensing.
High-value debt recovery cases play a disproportionately important role in India’s financial system. While such cases reportedly constitute a very small fraction of the total caseload before Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs), they account for a dominant share of the total value of claims, prompting policy measures such as the creation of special DRT benches for cases above specified monetary thresholds.
When two statutes with strong and overlapping powers apply to the same situation, a conflict of authority is inevitable.
Satyansh Singh Parmar
Satyansh Singh Parmar
Reimagining the Role of NCLT under the Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016
by Satyansh Singh Parmar
Core Problem: The institutional design of NCLT is fundamentally misaligned with IBC objectives — its dual mandate over Company Law and insolvency creates structural conflicts that fuel delays.
~30,600
Cases pending before NCLT (10-yr backlog at current rate)
99.2%
Cases breaching the 14-day admission limit
92%+
Cases exceeding the 330-day CIRP ceiling
With ~30,600 cases pending and a projected 10-year backlog (Economic Survey 2025-26), the NCLT’s dual mandate is its greatest structural liability. The average admission time of 526 days and resolution time of 883 days reveal an institution whose design actively defeats the time-bound promise of the IBC. The paper traces this failure to conflicting procedural cultures between Company Law and IBC adjudication.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
- Create dedicated IBC benches and separate Company Law benches within NCLT to eliminate procedural interference.
- Reform NCLT member recruitment — younger entrants with longer tenures plus domain experts in insolvency.
- Long-term: establish a standalone Insolvency & Bankruptcy Adjudicatory Authority with specialised jurisdiction and capacity.
India in the past few years has spent thousands of crores on digitalisation of courts through e-filling, virtual hearings or case management systems in District Courts, High Courts and the Supreme Court through the e-Courts mission mode project1.
The National Company Law Tribunal has recently conducted a recruitment process for their Law Research Associates (LRA) through a multi-tiered selection process notified in late 2025 for all benches throughout India.
The blog post attempts to examine the extent and nature of delays, highlighting that as of 2025, over 1,500 matters still remain pending before APTEL, some dating back more than a decade.
Sumit Kumar
Sumit Kumar
Institutional & Empirical Study of NCLT, Kolkata
by Sumit Kumar
Core Problem: The statutory promise of time-bound insolvency resolution is defeated not by law but by NCLT Kolkata’s structural constraints: capacity limits, dual jurisdiction, poor infrastructure, and inequitable bench time.
220–231
Avg cases listed per day across Court I & II
73.8%
IBC cases exceeding 330-day statutory limit
65.2%
Court II adjournments with no reason recorded
Using primary data from courtroom observation, disposed-case analysis, and a practitioner survey, the study documents an institution in paradox: the quality of judicial reasoning scored 3.78/5 (the highest metric), yet overall timeline performance scored 3.16/5 (the weakest). Eighty-three per cent of respondents rated timeline performance 3 or lower, while 73% attributed peak delays to the ‘during proceedings’ stage.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
- Designate one of the two functional courtrooms exclusively for IBC matters with a dedicated cause list.
- Upgrade to dedicated high-reliability videoconferencing infrastructure and implement automated pre-filing validation.
- Introduce a formal bench-time management protocol: at minimum one short hearing per listed matter, with time estimates published at the start of each day.
Discussions on technology in the judiciary today often centre around ambitious ideas. Artificial Intelligence (hereinafter AI), blockchain, Internet of Things (hereinafter IoT) and automated case management systems are regularly projected as the future of courts.
When people talk about India’s telecom story, the spotlight falls on 5G auctions, startups and big telecom companies. Fewer notice the small, specialised tribunal that regularly decides the rules those markets live by, the Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT).
The Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) system, introduced under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (RDDBFI Act), was seen as India’s institutional answer to the inefficiency of the civil courts in handling financial disputes.
Sundaramurti Ramesh
Sundaramurti Ramesh
Quantifying Delay Costs in India's Commercial Tribunals: An Econometric Evaluation of NCLT-IBC Performance
by Sundaramurti Ramesh
Core Problem: IBC delays impose quantifiable economic harm on creditor recoveries, firm value and credit markets — but the sources of delay and the point at which costs become critical are poorly understood, limiting evidence-based reform.
65% NCLT
Share of CIRP delay attributable to the tribunal
1,084 days
Empirical outer boundary beyond which recovery erodes
-22% / IA
Fall in resolution probability per additional interlocutory application (AI)
Across 492 CIRP cases, the study shows NCLT accounts for 65% of total delay, with each interlocutory application reducing resolution probability by 22%. Beyond the empirically derived 1,084-day threshold, creditor recoveries fall by 18-20 percentage points. The IBC’s Macro Stress Index (MSI) also shows that the framework improved financial stability post-2017 (MSI –1.20) but COVID-era delays reversed gains (MSI –3.03).
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
- Recalibrate IBC Section 12’s time limit from the unworkable 330-day cap to an evidence-based, non-extendable ceiling of 1,084 days.
- Create a tiered resolution architecture: fast-track/pre-packaged for small cases, specialised capacity-enhanced benches for large CIRPs.
- Institutionalise a Macro Stress Index as a policy tool, published by IBBI/MCA and integrated into RBI financial-stability monitoring.
- Reform credit transmission to reward timely CIRP outcomes via faster provision write-backs and regulatory recognition.
Tribunals occupy a central position in India’s justice framework. Conceived as specialised adjudicatory bodies operating outside the traditional judiciary, they aim to deliver faster dispute resolution while incorporating subject-matter expertise.
The integration of artificial intelligence into legal decision-making is no longer speculative. Large language models (LLMs), trained on massive corpora of text and capable of sophisticated pattern recognition, now demonstrate unprecedented competence in core legal tasks such as extracting issues from pleadings, mapping statutory
India’s judiciary, a constitutionally mandated pillar of democracy, exemplifies a pure public good characterised by non-excludability and non-rivalry. This study examines judicial efficiency as public good provision, analysing empirical data from 2018 and 2024 to document a deepening crisis in access to justice.
Swikruti Mohanty
Swikruti Mohanty
Repositioning the NFRA: Strengthening Regulatory Effectiveness in India's Independent Audit Oversight System
by Swikruti Mohanty
Core Problem: The NFRA’s statutory framework fails to realise its founding mandate of independent oversight of ‘public interest’ entities, while complete government dependence curtails fiscal autonomy.
33.3%
Borrowings of private NBFCs-ML from banks — outside NFRA ambit
5 Recs
Structural reforms proposed across jurisdiction & funding
The paper exposes two critical gaps: an exhaustive-list approach to jurisdiction that creates regulatory blind spots (33.3 % of private NBFC-Middle Layer borrowings originate from public banks yet fall outside NFRA oversight), and a funding model fully dependent on government appropriations. Together, these undermine the regulator’s independence and effectiveness.
KEY RECOMMENDATIONS
- Introduce a statutory definition of ‘Public Interest Entities’ based on systemic-risk factors beyond listing status.
- Adopt a dynamic risk-based oversight framework, directing resources to high-risk entities and reducing compliance burden on low-risk ones.
- Establish a coordination mechanism with RBI and SEBI to resolve jurisdictional overlaps.
- Fund NFRA via multi-source levies on auditors and corporates, supplemented by an emergency enforcement reserve.
- Set up statutory mechanisms in place to ensure independent levy collection from the regulated entity
The Supreme Court of India issued a mandate in October 2023 directing all High Courts and Tribunals to facilitate hybrid hearings to ensure access to justice. The apex court ordered all state governments to provide the necessary funds, and high courts and tribunals to offer free Wi-Fi and adequate internet bandwidth within their premises for all users.
Abstract: India AI’s recent challenge for the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for the audit ecosystem reflects an emerging regulatory interest in the potential use of AI tools to strengthen the National Financial Reporting Authority’s (NFRA) supervisory and enforcement capabilities.
Most debates on the deployment of artificial-intelligence (AI) in Indian courts these days focus on the visible and attention-grabbing concerns like hallucinated case law, presence of deepfakes in evidentiary records
FAQs
What is the focus area for the pioneering cohort?
DAKSH has over the years done pioneering work on reimagining courts and tribunals. One of our recent focus areas has been commercial tribunals, as part of the ‘Transforming Tribunals’ initiative, where we see them not merely as forums for resolving disputes, but as engines of economic justice and powerful drivers of growth. Delays, uncertainty, and inefficiencies in justice delivery by regulators, commercial tribunals and appellate courts erode investor confidence and affect India’s global competitiveness and overall ease of doing business.
To this end, the inaugural cohort will be focusing on the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT), and the Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal (DRAT), and the relevant regulators (IBBI, CCI, RoC, NFRA, etc) and appellate courts for these domains. Our ultimate goal is to spark system-level reforms, focusing on both the functioning of tribunals and underlying commercial laws, to ensure that our commercial policy is aligned with the needs of the evolving commercial landscape.
What will be the resulting impact from your participation in this Fellowship Programme?
The Fellowship will help bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, and help facilitate you to think more deeply about institutional and system level issues plaguing our law and justice system. You will become part of a community of practice that will enable you to work with like-minded peers and experts to drive meaningful and impactful reforms to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of India’s institutions and systems both during and after the Fellowship.
Any institutional and system-level transformation towards improving and strengthening our law and justice system invariably affects our society, public institutions, and economy. Consequently, through this Fellowship, you will get the distinct opportunity to ideate, develop and present proposals that can drive cross-systems impact at the intersection of our society, public institutions and economy, ranging from driving ease of doing business through streamlined legal processes, building investor confidence, driving increased foreign investment and making the judicial system more accessible and sustainable.
What are we at DAKSH solving?
DAKSH Society (DAKSH) is India’s leading think-tank and research institution focused on law and justice system reforms and access to justice. We are committed to driving meaningful institutional and system transformation to make the judicial system more efficient and effective. To this end, as thought leaders in the space, we have launched this fellowship programme to empower the next generation of legal leaders to transform India’s commercial justice system through experiential learning, innovative research, and collaborative problem-solving
Who is an NIST fellow?
An NIST Fellow is someone who:
● Is passionate about driving meaningful institutional and system-level transformation in India’s judicial system, particularly in the commercial law and policy landscape.
● Holds a bachelor’s degree (preferably in Law, Economics, Public Policy, Data Science) with a maximum of 0-4 years of post-qualification experience.
● Can commit to a full-time engagement of 40 hours/week for the next 6 months, demonstrating dedication and enthusiasm for the fellowship programme.
● Has previous experience in academic or policy writing, showcasing their ability to analyse complex issues and develop well-structured arguments.
What are the expectations for the fellows?
● You will be required to publish at least 6 blogs through the course of the fellowship which will be published on the DAKSH website.
● You will have to attend regular mentoring/check-in calls with the DAKSH team and the mentors.
● You will be working on a dedicated capstone project, which would be in the form of a white paper, report or policy proposal which will be published by DAKSH as part of a compendium.
● You will be required to assist on DAKSH’s ongoing programmes and research projects (this could include developing proposals, concept/background notes for workshops/sessions, and cultivating research collaborations).
● You will be required to mandatorily present your capstone project in a 2-3 day in-person conference that will be held in Bangalore/ Delhi in the last 4 weeks of the fellowship.
● You will maintain a high level of professionalism and ownership in all deliverables and interactions.
● You will proactively and transparently share regular updates and progress reports on your work.
What are the benefits of participating in this Fellowship Programme?
The NIST Fellowship offers a range of benefits including:
● Stipend: A monthly stipend of INR 50,000 to support fellows during the programme.
● Mentorship and Guidance: Monthly mentoring calls with experts to fine-tune research and discuss capstone projects.
● Access to DAKSH’s Network of Experts: Opportunities to tap into DAKSH’s network for guidance and support.
● Training and Skill-Building: Training on data analysis, policy analysis, and report writing to enhance fellows’ skills.
● Community Membership: Membership to the DAKSH Community, with priority access to events and networking opportunities for the duration of the Fellowship.
● Fully-Funded In-Person Conference: Funding assistance to attend a conference to present your capstone projects and network with leaders and peers in the space.
● Opportunity to Produce Actionable Research Outputs: Contribution to actionable research and policy analysis through blogs and podcasts
● Publication Opportunity: All the capstone projects would be published by DAKSH in a compendium after the conclusion of the Fellowship Programme. You may also get the opportunity to co-author the abovementioned work with members from the DAKSH team and the expert mentors (depending on the quality of the outputs).
● Certificate: A certificate acknowledging participation in the fellowship programme upon successful completion.
● Letter of Recommendation: Exceptional fellows may secure a Letter of Recommendation from the DAKSH team and their mentors.
● Financial Assistance: Financial assistance to cover certain miscellaneous expenses for carrying out fieldwork.
Fellows | First Cohort
Anshuman Sahoo
Sundaramurti Ramesh
Khusbu Shah
Sumit Kumar
Satyansh Singh Parmar
Swikruti Mohanty
Mentors and Experts
Aparna Ravi
Partner at S&R Associates
Harish Narasappa
Senior Advocate & Co-founder - DAKSH
M. S. Sahoo
Advocate & Columnist
Rahul Singh
Associate Professor of Law, NLSIU
Prof. R Narayanaswamy
Retired Professor at IIM, Bangalore
Sumant Batra
Lawyer & Founder, Insolvency Law Academy
Vardaan Ahluwalia
General Counsel, Premji Invest
Umakanth Varottil
Professor at National University of Singapore
Pramod Rao
Former Executive Director at Securities and Exchange Board of India
DAKSH Members
Surya Prakash BS,
Programme Director
Leah Verghese
Research Manager
Ritima Singh
Senior Research Associate
Abhishek Jain
Consultant
Our Supporters
For this edition of the Fellowship Programme, we received funding support from Premji Invest. Premji Invest primarily supports the philanthropic initiatives of the Azim Premji Foundation, a not-for-profit organization that seeks to improve the lives of the underserved and underprivileged in society.
Contact
If you have any questions about the programme, you can reach out to us at abhishek@dakshindia.org
Want to collaborate with us for this Fellowship Programme?
If you are an organisation either working towards institutional and system transformation, or is interested in supporting our work in the same, please feel free to reach out to our Programme Director – Surya Prakash B S at surya@dakshindia.org or our Programme Manager – Abhishek Jain at abhishek@dakshindia.org
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