When Parliament enacted the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC), it did so with utmost urgency.

India’s insolvency infrastructure generates a huge amount of information, but most of it sits scattered across government websites in formats that are difficult to analyse.

Anyone who has tried to study how well India’s insolvency tribunals actually perform quickly encounters a frustrating paradox: the questions that matter most to policymakers are precisely the ones the available data makes hardest to answer.

Tribunals occupy a central position in India’s justice framework. Conceived as specialised adjudicatory bodies operating outside the traditional judiciary, they aim to deliver faster dispute resolution while incorporating subject-matter expertise.

The integration of artificial intelligence into legal decision-making is no longer speculative. Large language models (LLMs), trained on massive corpora of text and capable of sophisticated pattern recognition, now demonstrate unprecedented competence in core legal tasks such as extracting issues from pleadings, mapping statutory

India’s judiciary, a constitutionally mandated pillar of democracy, exemplifies a pure public good characterised by non-excludability and non-rivalry. This study examines judicial efficiency as public good provision, analysing empirical data from 2018 and 2024 to document a deepening crisis in access to justice.